People with certain neurological or nervous system disorders are more likely to have difficulty swallowing. But dysphagia isn't considered a normal sign of aging.
Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease, older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. The following are risk factors for dysphagia: Certain cancers and some cancer treatments, such as radiation, can cause difficulty swallowing. A small pouch that forms and collects food particles in the throat, often just above the esophagus, leads to difficulty swallowing, gurgling sounds, bad breath, and repeated throat clearing or coughing. Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker's diverticulum).Sudden neurological damage, such as from a stroke or brain or spinal cord injury, can affect the ability to swallow. Certain disorders - such as multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and Parkinson's disease - can cause dysphagia. This can lead to pneumonia.Ĭauses of oropharyngeal dysphagia include: You might choke, gag or cough when you try to swallow or have the sensation of food or fluids going down your windpipe (trachea) or up your nose. This cancer treatment can lead to inflammation and scarring of the esophagus.Ĭertain conditions can weaken the throat muscles, making it difficult to move food from your mouth into your throat and esophagus when you start to swallow. As a result, acid backs up into the esophagus and causes frequent heartburn. Development of scar-like tissue, causing stiffening and hardening of tissues, can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter. This condition, which might be related to a food allergy, is caused by too many cells called eosinophils in the esophagus. Damage to esophageal tissues from stomach acid backing up into the esophagus can lead to spasm or scarring and narrowing of the lower esophagus. A thin area of narrowing in the lower esophagus can cause difficulty swallowing solid foods off and on. Older adults with dentures and people who have difficulty chewing their food may be more likely to have a piece of food become lodged in the throat or esophagus. Sometimes food or another object can partially block the throat or esophagus. Difficulty swallowing tends to get progressively worse when esophageal tumors are present due to narrowing of the esophagus. Tumors or scar tissue, often caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can cause narrowing. A narrowed esophagus (stricture) can trap large pieces of food. Diffuse spasm affects the involuntary muscles in the walls of the lower esophagus. This condition causes high-pressure, poorly coordinated contractions of the esophagus, usually after swallowing. Muscles in the wall of the esophagus might be weak as well, a condition that tends to worsen over time. When the lower esophageal muscle (sphincter) doesn't relax properly to let food enter the stomach, it can cause food to come back up into the throat. Some of the causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Esophageal dysphagiaĮsophageal dysphagia refers to the sensation of food sticking or getting caught in the base of your throat or in your chest after you've started to swallow. Any condition that weakens or damages the muscles and nerves used for swallowing or leads to a narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia.ĭysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories. Swallowing is complex, involving many muscles and nerves.
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